【禽流感的傳播和控制】Avian Influenza Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit

自 2021 年 10 月以來，史無前例的禽流感(avian flu)疫情在野生鳥類、家畜(livestock)中蔓延，並觀察到會感染狐狸(foxes)和水貂(minks)等哺乳動物。禽流感(Avian Influenza)首先與影響鳥類的其他疾病區分開來，最初於 1878 年確定為禽瘟(fowl plague )[1]。禽流感(Avian influenza)是由甲型流感病毒(Influenza A Virus)引起的，它是一種負義 RNA 病毒(negative-sense RNA virus)，通常通過兩種表面蛋白, 血凝素(Hemagglutinin)和神經氨酸酶(Neuraminidase）的變異分為亞型。甲型流感(Influenza A)通過鳥類之間的直接和間接接觸、空氣傳播和糞口傳播途徑傳播。最近的爆發是由 H5N1 變種引起的，也稱為高致病性禽流感 (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza , HPAI)。血凝素(Hemagglutinin)和神經氨酸酶蛋白(Neuraminidase proteins)均參與病毒對宿主細胞的附著，以及病毒與宿主細胞膜(host cell membranes)的融合 [2]。

HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI)是一種人畜共患疾病(zoonotic disease)，觀察到鳥類對人類的感染數量很少。人畜共患病(Zoonosis)是一種感染非人類動物的疾病傳播給人類的過程。目前，HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI)在人與人之間的傳播效率或可傳播性很低。如果 HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI)獲得在人類之間傳播的能力，這可能會導致另一場與 COVID-19 規模相似的大流行，並且模型表明，低收入和中等收入國家 (LMIC) 的經濟將受到不成比例的影響 [3]。在過去的一年裡，一直在持續努力控制病毒在牲畜種群中的傳播，主要是在地方層面進行協調。撲殺是控制疾病在牲畜種群中傳播的主要方法，從 2021 年 10 月的初始爆發到 2022 年底，僅在歐洲就有 4600 萬隻牲畜被撲殺 [4]。儘管做出了這些努力，HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza, HPAI)仍被允許在野生種群中基本不受控制地傳播，野生種群充當疾病可以重新感染牲畜種群的儲存庫。人們越來越需要具有成本效益、廣泛可用的解決方案來監測這種疾病的流行和傳播。如果沒有有效的監測和預防，該疾病將繼續在牲畜種群中傳播，並增加人類甲型流感大流行的可能性。國際科學界和決策者的反應對於預測和消除禽流感的生態、經濟和潛在流行病學影響至關重要。

AIV禽流感病毒抗原快速檢測試劑盒 | Abbexa貨號abx092015

用於家禽糞便或禽流感病毒抗原的定性檢測喉氣管分泌物。

Abbexa 的禽流感病毒抗原快速檢測試劑盒(Abbexa’s Avian Influenza Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit, abx092015) 是一種定性橫向流動免疫層析(lateral flow immunochromatographic assay)用於檢測家禽樣品(poultry samples) 中禽流感病毒 (Avian Influenza Virus , AIV) 抗原的分析方法。Cassette包含一個抗 AIV 的膠體金偶聯抗體，它與存在於 AIV 中的任何 AIV 抗原結合樣品。當該複合物流到膜上的T區時，固定在膜上的特異性抗體捕獲該複合物並逐漸凝集成一條可見的T線，未結合的膠體金抗體流過T區被C區的二抗捕獲並形成可見的C線。C線出現則表明免疫層析發生，即試紙有效；15分內T線出現則表明樣品中含有禽流感病毒。

Abbexa’s Avian Influenza Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit is a qualitative lateral flow immunochromatographic assay for the detection of Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) Antigen in poultry samples. The cassette contains a colloidal gold conjugated antibody against AIV, which combines with any AIV antigen present in the samples. The complex binds with the antibody coated on the test region of the cassette. A colored band develops within 15 minutes in the test region if the concentration of AIV antigen in the sample is higher than the detection limit. A control region on the upper end of the cassette confirms if the test has been successful.

禽流感病毒(Avian influenza viruses )

禽流感病毒(Avian influenza viruses )通常不會在人類中有效複製，這表明禽流感病毒(avian influenza virus)不太可能直接傳播給人類。然而，自 1997 年以來，已發現多起人類感染不同亞型（H5N1、H7N7 和 H9N2）禽流感病毒的病例，並提高了禽流感病毒在人類中大流行的可能性。儘管存在人與人之間傳播的間接證據，但從人身上分離出來的新型禽源流感病毒缺乏在人與人之間有效傳播的能力。然而，人類持續感染禽源 H5N1 病毒增加了產生具有大流行潛力的適應人類的禽流感病毒的可能性。因此，更好地了解流感病毒宿主限制的生物學和遺傳基礎是確定將新型流感病毒引入人群是否會導致大流行的關鍵因素。<2009 Jul;32(4):301-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.01.007. Epub 2008 May 23.>

Notes

1. The test cassettes should be brought to room temperature before use.

2. After opening the aluminum foil, use the test cassette as soon as possible.

3. Samples should be clear with no visible particles, turbidity or bacterial pollution.

4. Do not mix or re-use the disposable pipettes to avoid cross-contamination.

5. Do not use water or PBS as the negative control. 6. Avoid touching the cassette membrane through the sample well or test result window.

7. This kit is for qualitative detection of AIV antigen in poultry samples. It cannot distinguish between the different AIV subtypes.

8. This kit is for research use only and the results are for reference only. It is recommended to use this kit in conjunction with another detection method.

AIV抗原/AIV H5抗原/AIV H7抗原/新城雞瘟/ AIV H9抗原快速檢測試紙基

Avian Influenza Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit

Target	Avian Influenza Virus Antigen
Reactivity	Chicken
Recommended dilutions	Optimal dilutions/concentrations should be determined by the end user.
Storage	Store at 2-30 °C.
Validity	The validity for this kit is 12 months.
Assay Type	Sandwich
Assay Data	Qualitative
Sample Type	Stool, saliva.
Availability	Shipped within 5-12 working days.
Note	This product is for research use only.Please note that our kits are optimised for detection of native samples, rather than recombinant proteins. We are unable to guarantee detection of recombinant proteins, as they may have different sequences or tertiary structures to the native protein.

Abbexa’s Avian Influenza Product Range:

Avian Influenza Test Kits
Avian Influenza H5 Virus Antibody Rapid Test Kit	abx092031
Avian Influenza H5 Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit	abx092014
Avian Influenza H7 Virus Antigen Rapid Test Kit	abx092017
Avian Influenza Virus Antibody Rapid Test Kit	abx092028
Chicken Avian Influenza H9 Antibody ELISA Kit	abx055855
Chicken Avian Influenza H9 Virus Antibody (AIV-H9-Ab) ELISA Kit	abx365033
Chicken Avian Influenza Virus Antibody (AIV-Ab) ELISA Kit	abx364805
Avian Influenza Antibodies
Influenza A H5N1 Avian Antibody	abx021960
Influenza A H5 Antibody	abx021979
Influenza A H5 Antibody (HRP)	abx021962
Influenza Proteins & Peptides
Influenza A H5N1 Hemagglutinin Peptide	abx060606
Influenza A H5N1 Hemagglutinin Protein	abx060607
Influenza A H5N1 Neuraminidase Protein	abx060612
Influenza A H5N1 Ns1 Protein	abx060613
Influenza A H5N1 Ns2 Protein	abx060614

References/Further reading:

[1] Alexander D, Brown I. History of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Rev sci tech Off int Epiz. 2009;28(1):19-38.

[2] Takimoto T, Taylor GL, Connaris HC, Crennell SJ, Portner A. Role of the Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase Protein in the Mechanism of Paramyxovirus-Cell Membrane Fusion. Journal of Virology. 2002;76(24):13028-13033. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.24.13028-13033.2002

[3] Burns A, Van Der Mensbrugghe D, Timmer H. Evaluating the Economic Consequences of Avian Influenza (1). https://web.worldbank.org/archive/website01003/WEB/IMAGES/EVALUATI.PDF

[4] Adlhoch C, Fusaro A, Gonzales JL, et al. Avian influenza overview March – June 2022. EFSA Journal. 2022;20(8). doi: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7415

[5] Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus outbreak among Cape cormorants (Phalacrocorax capensis) in Namibia, 2022. Emerging Microbes & Infections. Published 2022. Accessed February 23, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2023.2167610

[6] Avian flu reappears in Cambodia, UN health agency warns. UN News. Published February 27, 2023. https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/02/1133922

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